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Pump-Action Shotguns: Feature a sliding fore-end that ejects shells and chambers new ones. Known for reliability and ease of use, commonly used for hunting and home defense.
Semi-Automatic Shotguns: Automatically load the next round after firing, allowing for faster follow-up shots. Popular among sport shooters and hunters.
Break-Action Shotguns: Include single-barrel and double-barrel designs (side-by-side or over-and-under). Easy to load and unload, often favored for hunting and clay shooting.
Bolt-Action Shotguns: Less common, these operate with a manual bolt mechanism. Primarily used for specific hunting scenarios.

Gauge: Refers to the size of the shotgun’s bore; common gauges include 12, 20, and .410. The gauge number indicates the number of lead balls of the bore’s diameter that make a pound (e.g., 12-gauge has 12 balls).
Chamber Length: Determines the type of shells the shotgun can use (e.g., 2.75″, 3″, or 3.5″ chambers).

Shot Shells: Consist of a plastic or paper casing filled with multiple pellets (shot) or a single projectile (slug). Various types of shot (e.g., birdshot, buckshot) are used for different purposes.
Specialty Loads: Includes options like less-lethal rounds (bean bag, rubber slugs) and specialized hunting rounds.

Hunting: Popular for game birds, small game, and larger game with slugs. Different shot sizes are selected based on the target.
Sport Shooting: Used in activities like clay pigeon shooting, trap, and skeet. Various competitions involve accuracy and skill.
Home Defense: Favored for self-defense due to stopping power and manageable recoil. Shotguns are effective at close ranges.
Law Enforcement and Military: Utilized for riot control, breaching doors, and close-quarters combat.

Sights and Optics: Options include bead sights, ghost ring sights, and optics for enhanced accuracy.
Chokes: Interchangeable tubes that modify the shot spread; common types include cylinder, improved cylinder, modified, and full.
Stocks and Fore-ends: Various materials and designs are available, impacting comfort, handling, and aesthetics.

Proper Handling: Always treat firearms as if they are loaded, keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction, and ensure a clear target.
Storage: Secure storage solutions, such as gun safes, are recommended to prevent unauthorized access.

Ownership Laws: Vary by country and region, including background checks, licensing, and registration requirements.
Hunting Regulations: Specific laws dictate allowable gauges, hunting seasons, and types of game hunted.

This overview encapsulates the essential aspects of shotguns, covering their types, uses, and considerations for ownership and safety.